Countering Foreign Terrorist Organization Use of Illicit Mining
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Executive Summary
Illicit gold mining has emerged as a significant global threat, eroding sovereignty and stability and providing a lucrative revenue stream for violent Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) and other criminal networks. Driven by surging global gold prices, experts estimate illegal gold mining has become a larger source of criminal income than narcotics trafficking in several Western Hemisphere countries, generating billions of dollars annually in criminal proceeds that fund FTOs and transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) across the region. In countries with high concentrations of FTO activity and illegal gold mining overlap - particularly Colombia and Mexico - designated groups including FARC dissidents, Clan del Golfo, Cartel de Sinaloa, Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación, and Primeiro Comando da Capital control mining operations and trafficking networks that fuel illegal resource extraction throughout South America. Violent FTOs like Hezbollah and other Iranian-backed groups have been linked to financing from these FTO illicit mining operations. These violent FTOs and their vast networks attack every layer of the mine-to-market supply chain - from obtaining concessions through corruption, controlling extraction sites, trafficking mercury used in gold extraction, extorting shipments, and laundering proceeds through illicit markets.
Addressing illicit gold mining in the Western Hemisphere directly advances U.S. security and economic interests by disrupting a major illicit source of funding for terrorist organizations, reducing their capacity to operate and threaten stability. By curbing the flow of illegally sourced gold into global markets, these efforts also help protect the integrity of American supply chains for U.S. businesses that rely on responsibly sourced materials. In turn, these actions contribute to a safer international environment, a stable global economy, and a stronger foundation for American prosperity.
The U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Counterterrorism (CT) is seeking proposals for an initiative that will address the exploitation of illicit mining by violent FTOs. Special focus should be on the relationship and involvement of FTOs and transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) in the space. Competitive proposals should take an integrated approach to the threat and include civilian law enforcement, mining sector regulators, judges and prosecutors, and civil society where appropriate.